Exploring the release mechanism of micro/nanoplastics from different layers of masks in water: towards reduction of plastic contamination in masks.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, a substantial quantity of disposable face masks was discarded, consisting of three layers of nonwoven fabric. However, their improper disposal led to the release of microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) when they ended up in aquatic environments. To analyze the release kinetics and size characteristics of these masks, release experiments were performed on commercially available disposable masks over a period of 7 days and micro- and nanoplastic releases were detected using fiber counting and nanoparticle tracking analysis. The study's findings revealed that there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the quantity of MPs released among the layers of the masks. However, the quantity of NPs released from the middle layer of the mask was 25.9 ± 1.3 × 108 to 81.3 ± 5.3 × 108 particles/piece, significantly higher than the inner and outer layers (p < 0.05). The release process of micro/nanoplastics (M/NPs) from each layer of the mask followed the Elovich equation and the power function equation, indicating that the release was divided into two stages. MPs in the range of 1-500 µm and NPs in the range of 100-300 nm dominated the release from each layer of the mask, accounting for an average of 93.81% and 67.52%, respectively. Based on these findings, recommendations are proposed to reduce the release of M/NPs from masks during subsequent use.

Exploration of the potential causative genes for inflammatory bowel disease: Transcriptome-wide association analysis, Mendelian randomization analysis and Bayesian colocalisation.

Background: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) poses a complex challenge due to its intricate underlying mechanisms, and curative treatments remain elusive. Consequently, there is an urgent need to identify genes causally associated with IBD. Methods: We extracted blood eQTL data from the GTExv8.ALL.Whole_Blood database, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) summary statistics of IBD from the IEU GWAS database, and performed a three-fold analysis protocol, including transcriptome-wide association analysis, Mendelian randomisation analysis, Bayesian colocalisation, and subsequent potential therapeutic agents identification. Results: We identified four pathogenic genes, namely CARD9, RTEL1, STMN3 and ARFRP1, that promote the development of IBD, encompassing both ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). Notably, ARFRP1 exhibited the ability to suppress IBD (encompassing UC and CD) development. Regarding drug prediction, cyclophosphamide emerged as a promising novel therapeutic option for IBD, encompassing UC and CD. Conclusion: We identified several potential genes related to IBD (UC and CD), including CARD9, RTEL1, STMN3 and ARFRP1, warranting further investigation in functional studies to elucidate underlying disease mechanisms. Additionally, clinical studies exploring the potential of cyclophosphamide as a treatment avenue for IBD are warranted.

Individualized prediction of anxiety and depressive symptoms using gray matter volume in a non-clinical population.

Machine learning is an emerging tool in clinical psychology and neuroscience for the individualized prediction of psychiatric symptoms. However, its application in non-clinical populations is still in its infancy. Given the widespread morphological changes observed in psychiatric disorders, our study applies five supervised machine learning regression algorithms-ridge regression, support vector regression, partial least squares regression, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression, and Elastic-Net regression-to predict anxiety and depressive symptom scores. We base these predictions on the whole-brain gray matter volume in a large non-clinical sample (n = 425). Our results demonstrate that machine learning algorithms can effectively predict individual variability in anxiety and depressive symptoms, as measured by the Mood and Anxiety Symptoms Questionnaire. The most discriminative features contributing to the prediction models were primarily located in the prefrontal-parietal, temporal, visual, and sub-cortical regions (e.g. amygdala, hippocampus, and putamen). These regions showed distinct patterns for anxious arousal and high positive affect in three of the five models (partial least squares regression, support vector regression, and ridge regression). Importantly, these predictions were consistent across genders and robust to demographic variability (e.g. age, parental education, etc.). Our findings offer critical insights into the distinct brain morphological patterns underlying specific components of anxiety and depressive symptoms, supporting the existing tripartite theory from a neuroimaging perspective.

Surgery for longer duration supranuclear ophthalmoplegia secondary to brain stem cavernoma: A case report and literature review.

BACKGROUND: Previous reports revealed that patients with acquired paralytic strabismus caused by central nervous system diseases are primarily affected by the etiology and treatment of the condition. Strabismus correction for these acquired paralytic strabismus should be performed as soon as the primary disease has been stabilized for 6 months in order to archive a favorable surgical outcome. CASE: We followed an infrequent case of longer-lasting supranuclear ophthalmoplegia secondary to brain stem cavernoma. OBSERVATION: A 25-year-old Chinese Han female developed aberrant head posture and ipsilateral conjugate gaze palsies 8 years after the first brainstem hemorrhage caused by pontine cavernoma. The patient was diagnosed with supranuclear ophthalmic palsy and brain stem cavernoma after surgery. A resection-recession procedure along with a rectus muscle transposition was performed. The patient's abnormal head position disappeared, with a normal primary position. CONCLUSION: Resection-recession procedures combined with rectus muscle transposition works very well for longer duration large-angle strabismus caused by brain stem cavernoma.

Heteroions Radii Matching Produced Intensely Luminescent Bismuth-Ag2S Nanocrystals for through-Skull NIR-II Imaging of Orthotopic Glioma.

Heteroions doped Ag2S nanocrystals (NCs) exhibiting enhanced near-infrared-II emission (NIR-II) hold great promise for glioma diagnosis. Nevertheless, current doped Ag2S NCs paradoxically improved properties via toxic dopants, and the blood-brain barrier (BBB) constitutes another challenge for orthotopic glioma imaging. Thus, it is urgent to develop biofriendly high-bright Ag2S NCs with active BBB-penetration for glioma-targeted imaging. Herein, bismuth (Bi) was screened to obtain Bi-Ag2S NCs with high absolute PLQY (∼13.3%) for its matched ionic-radius (1.03 Å) with Ag+. The Bi-Ag2S NCs exhibited a higher luminance and deeper penetration (5-6 mm) than clinical indocyanine green. Upon conjugation with lactoferrin, the NCs acquired BBB-crossing and glioma-targeting abilities. Time-dependent NIR-II-imaging demonstrated their effective accumulation in glioma with skull/scalp intact after intravenous injection. Moreover, the toxic-metal-free NCs exhibited negligible toxicity and great biocompatibility. The success of leveraging the ion-radii comparison may unlock the full potential of doped-Ag2S NCs in bioimaging and inspire the development of various doped NIR-II NCs.

Profiling of long non-coding RNAs in hippocampal-entorhinal system subfields: impact of RN7SL1 on neuroimmune response modulation in Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is recognized as the predominant cause of dementia, and neuroimmune processes play a pivotal role in its pathological progression. The involvement of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in AD has attracted widespread attention. Herein, transcriptomic analysis of 262 unique samples extracted from five hippocampal-entorhinal system subfields of individuals with AD pathology and without AD pathology revealed distinctive lncRNA expression profiles. Through differential expression and coexpression analyses, we identified 16 pivotal lncRNAs. Notably, RN7SL1 knockdown significantly modulated microglial responses upon oligomeric amyloid-ß stimulation, resulting in a considerable decrease in proinflammatory cytokine production and subsequent neuronal damage. These findings highlight RN7SL1 as an essential neuroimmune-related lncRNA that could serve as a prospective target for AD diagnosis and treatment.

Single Fluorescent Probe for Multiple Tasks: Illuminating Lipid Droplets and Lysosomes in Dual Channels and Distinguishing Autophagy and Apoptosis.

Lipid droplets (LDs) and lysosomes play key roles in autophagy and cell apoptosis, and the discriminative visualization of the two organelles and simultaneously of autophagy and apoptosis is very helpful to understand their internal relationships. However, fluorescent probes that can concurrently achieve these tasks are not available currently. Herein, we delicately fabricate a robust probe CAQ2 for multiple tasks: illumination of LDs and lysosomes in dual emission colors as well as discriminative visualization of cell apoptosis and autophagy. The probe exhibited both lipophilic and basic properties and displayed different emission colors in neutral and protonated forms; thus, LDs and lysosomes emitted blue and red fluorescence colors, respectively. Because of the lysosomal acidification during autophagy, CAQ2 detected autophagy with evidently enhanced red emission. Because of the lysosomal alkalization during apoptosis, CAQ2 imaged apoptosis with a drastically decreased red fluorescence intensity. With the robust probe, the autophagy under starvation and lipidless conditions was visualized, and the apoptosis induced by H2O2, ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, and rotenone treatment was successfully observed. The efficient detoxification of Na2S against rotenone treatment was successfully revealed.

Disruption of Thyroid Hormone Receptor Thrab Leads to Female Infertility in Zebrafish.

Thyroid hormones (THs) T4 and T3 are vital for development, growth, and metabolism. Thyroid dysfunction can also cause problems in fertility, suggesting involvement of THs in reproduction. In zebrafish, there exist 2 forms of TH receptor alpha gene (thraa and thrab). Disruption of these genes by CRISPR/Cas9 showed no reproductive irregularities in the thraa mutant; however, inactivation of the thrab gene resulted in female infertility. Although young female mutants (thrabm/m) showed normal ovarian development and folliculogenesis before sexual maturation, they failed to release eggs during oviposition after sexual maturation. This spawning failure was due to oviductal blockage at the genital papilla. The obstruction of the oviduct subsequently caused an accumulation of the eggs in the ovary, resulting in severe ovarian hypertrophy, abdominal distention, and disruption of folliculogenesis. Gene expression analysis showed expression of both TH receptors and estrogen receptors in the genital papilla, suggesting a direct TH action and potential interactions between thyroid and estrogen signaling pathways in controlling genital papilla development and function. In addition to their actions in the reproductive tracts, THs may also have direct effects in the ovary, as suggested by follicle atresia and cessation of folliculogenesis in the heterozygous mutant (thrab+/m), which was normal in all aspects of female reproduction in young and sexually mature fish but exhibited premature ovarian failure in aged females. In summary, this study provides substantial evidence for roles of THs in controlling the development and functions of both reproductive tract and ovary.

Acid tolerance response of Salmonella during the squid storage and its amine production capacity analysis.

Salmonella exhibits a strong inducible acid tolerance response (ATR) under weak acid conditions, and can also induce high-risk strains that are highly toxic, acid resistant, and osmotic pressure resistant to aquatic products. However, the induction mechanism is not yet clear. Therefore, this study aims to simulate the slightly acidic, low-temperature, and high-protein environment during squid processing and storage. Through λRed gene knockout, exploring the effects of low-acid induction, long-term low-temperature storage, and two-component regulation on Salmonella ATR. In this study, we found the two-component system, PhoP/PhoQ and PmrA/PmrB in Salmonella regulates the amino acid metabolism system and improves bacterial acid tolerance by controlling arginine and lysine. Compared with the two indicators of total biogenic amine and diamine content, biogenic amine index and quality index were more suitable for evaluating the quality of aquatic products. The result showed that low-temperature treatment could inhibit Salmonella-induced ATR, which further explained the ATR mechanism from the amino acid metabolism.

Letrozole induced a polycystic ovary syndrome model in zebrafish by interfering with the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine and metabolic disease in women of childbearing age, with an incidence of 5-10%. This study compared the traits of zebrafish with three diagnostic criteria for human PCOS, and the diagnostic criteria for zebrafish PCOS were proposed: decreased fecundity, elevated testosterone (T) or 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) levels and increased cortical-alveolar oocyte (CO) ratio, enhancing the zebrafish PCOS model's accuracy. According to the mammalian PCOS classification, the type of zebrafsh PCOS is divided into four phenotypes (A, B, C and D), but the four phenotypes of zebrafish PCOS are not fully covered in the existing studies (A and D). In this study, we successfully induced phenotype B zebrafish PCOS model using the aromatase inhibitor, letrozole (LET). That is, wild-type female zebrafish were exposed to 1000 µg/L LET for 30 days. Reproductive tests showed decreased fecundity in female zebrafish exposed to LET (Control: 132.63, 146.00, 173.00; LET: 29.20, 90.00, 82.71). Hormone analysis showed that female zebrafish exposed to LET had significantly lower 17ß-estradiol/testosterone (E2/T) ratios, indicating elevated T levels. Meanwhile, levels of 11-KT in the ovaries exposed to LET were significantly up-regulated (Control: 0.0076 pg/µg; LET: 0.0138 pg/µg). Pathological sections of the ovary showed fewer CO in the LET-exposed group (Control: 16.27%; LET: 8.38%). In summary, the zebrafish PCOS model summarized and studied in this study provide a reliable and economical tool for the screening of therapeutic drugs, as well as for the etiology research and treatment strategies of PCOS.

Mechanisms of imbalanced testicular homeostasis in infancy due to aberrant histone acetylation in undifferentiated spermatogonia under different concentrations of Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) exposure.

Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), identified as an endocrine-disrupting chemical, is associated with reproductive toxicity. This association is particularly noteworthy in newborns with incompletely developed metabolic functions, as exposure to DEHP can induce enduring damage to the reproductive system, potentially influencing adult reproductive health. In this study, we continuously administered 40 µg/kg and 80 µg/kg DEHP to postnatal day 5 (PD5) mice for ten days to simulate low and high doses of DEHP exposure during infancy. Utilizing single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), our analysis revealed that varying concentrations of DEHP exposure during infancy induced distinct DNA damage response characteristics in testicular Undifferentiated spermatogonia (Undiff SPG). Specifically, DNA damage triggered mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to acetyl-CoA content alterations. Subsequently, this disruption caused aberrations in histone acetylation patterns, ultimately resulting in apoptosis of Undiff SPG in the 40 µg/kg DEHP group and autophagy in the 80 µg/kg DEHP group. Furthermore, we found that DEHP exposure impacts the development and functionality of Sertoli and Leydig cells through the focal adhesion and PPAR signaling pathways, respectively. We also revealed that Leydig cells regulate the metabolic environment of Undiff SPG via Ptn-Sdc4 and Mdk-Sdc4 after DEHP exposure. Finally, our study provided pioneering evidence that disruptions in testicular homeostasis induced by DEHP exposure during infancy endure into adulthood. In summary, this study elucidates the molecular mechanisms through which DEHP exposure during infancy influences the development of testicular cell populations.

Unique fluorescent probe for the recognition of late apoptosis via translocation from plasma membrane to nucleus.

Cell apoptosis is a crucial physiological process playing central roles in key biological and pathological activities. However, the current fluorescent probes for the detection of late apoptosis were "off-on" probes, which were facilely interfered by false positive signals caused by inhomogeneous staining and other factors. Herein, a unique fluorescent probe (NPn) discriminating late apoptosis from early apoptosis and heathy status with two different sets of fluorescent signals have been prepared, to overcome the possible false positive signals. NPn was designed impermeable to biomembranes and simultaneously with high affinity to DNA/RNA, which localized on the plasma membranes of living and early apoptotic cells, while relocated to the nucleus in late apoptotic cells. The hydrophilic amine unit and small ion radius were responsive for its membrane impermeability, which was confirmed with two control molecules without amine group. Using the probe, we have successfully evaluated the cell apoptosis induced by ultraviolet irradiation, rotenone, colchicine, and paclitaxel, demonstrating its potential application in biological researches.

Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals the importance of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis for the induced resistance of 84K poplar to anthracnose.

BACKGROUND: Poplar anthracnose, which is one of the most important tree diseases, is primarily caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, which has been detected in poplar plantations in China and is responsible for serious economic losses. The characteristics of 84K poplar that have made it one of the typical woody model plants used for investigating stress resistance include its rapid growth, simple reproduction, and adaptability. RESULTS: In this study, we found that the resistance of 84K poplar to anthracnose varied considerably depending on how the samples were inoculated of the two seedlings in each tissue culture bottle, one (84K-Cg) was inoculated for 6 days, whereas the 84K-DCg samples were another seedling inoculated at the 6th day and incubated for another 6 days under the same conditions. It was showed that the average anthracnose spot diameter on 84K-Cg and 84K-DCg leaves was 1.23 ± 0.0577 cm and 0.67 ± 0.1154 cm, respectively. Based on the transcriptome sequencing analysis, it was indicated that the upregulated phenylpropanoid biosynthesis-related genes in 84K poplar infected with C. gloeosporioides, including genes encoding PAL, C4H, 4CL, HCT, CCR, COMT, F5H, and CAD, are also involved in other KEGG pathways (i.e., flavonoid biosynthesis and phenylalanine metabolism). The expression levels of these genes were lowest in 84K-Cg and highest in 84K-DCg. CONCLUSIONS: It was found that PAL-related genes may be crucial for the induced resistance of 84K poplar to anthracnose, which enriched in the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. These results will provide the basis for future research conducted to verify the contribution of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis to induced resistance and explore plant immune resistance-related signals that may regulate plant defense capabilities, which may provide valuable insights relevant to the development of effective and environmentally friendly methods for controlling poplar anthracnose.

The aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 rs671 variant enhances amyloid ß pathology.

In the ALDH2 rs671 variant, a guanine changes to an adenine, resulting in a dramatic decrease in the catalytic activity of the enzyme. Population-based data are contradictory about whether this variant increases the risk of Alzheimer's disease. In East Asian populations, the prevalence of the ALDH2 rs671 variant is 30-50%, making the National Human Brain Bank for Development and Function (the largest brain bank in East Asia) an important resource to explore the link between the ALDH2 rs671 polymorphism and Alzheimer's disease pathology. Here, using 469 postmortem brains, we find that while the ALDH2 rs671 variant is associated with increased plaque deposits and a higher Aß40/42 ratio, it is not an independent risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. Mechanistically, we show that lower ALDH2 activity leads to 4-HNE accumulation in the brain. The (R)-4-HNE enantiomer adducts to residue Lys53 of C99, favoring Aß40 generation in the Golgi apparatus. Decreased ALDH2 activity also lowers inflammatory factor secretion, as well as amyloid ß phagocytosis and spread in brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease. We thus define the relationship between the ALDH2 rs671 polymorphism and amyloid ß pathology, and find that ALDH2 rs671 is a key regulator of Aß40 or Aß42 generation.

Construction and external validation of a scoring prediction model for mortality risk within 30 days of community-acquired pneumonia in children admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit: A multicenter retrospective case-control study.

In this study, we constructed and validated a scoring prediction model to identify children admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) at risk for early death. Children with CAP who were admitted to the PICU were included in the training set and divided into death and survival groups according to whether they died within 30 days of admission. For univariate and multifactorial analyses, demographic characteristics, vital signs at admission, and laboratory test results were collected separately from the 2 groups, and independent risk factors were derived to construct a scoring prediction model. The ability of the scoring model to predict CAP-related death was validated by including children with CAP hospitalized at 3 other centers during the same period in the external validation set. Overall, the training and validation sets included 296 and 170 children, respectively. Univariate and multifactorial analyses revealed that procalcitonin (PCT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), and fibrinogen (Fib) were independent risk factors. The constructed scoring prediction model scored 2 points each for PCT ≥ 0.375 ng/mL, LDH ≥ 490 U/L, and APTT ≥ 31.8 s and 1 point for Fib ≤ 1.78 g/L, with a total model score of 0-7 points. When the score was ≥ 5 points, the sensitivity and specificity of mortality diagnosis in children with CAP were 72.7% and 87.5%, respectively. In the external validation set, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the scoring model for predicting the risk of CAP-related death were 64.0%, 92.4%, and 88.2%, respectively. Constructing a scoring prediction model is worth promoting and can aid pediatricians in simply and rapidly evaluating the risk of death in children with CAP, particularly those with complex conditions.

Data Analysis Pipeline for scRNA-seq Experiments to Study Early Oogenesis.

Germ cells as the means for the transmission of genetic information between generations have been a hot topic of research for decades. The analysis of the transcriptomes, that is of the RNA transcripts produced by the genotype at a given time, of germ cells and the surrounding somatic cells, is essential to unravel the cellular and molecular processes regulating gametogenesis. However, the asynchronized differentiation of germ cells and high cellular heterogeneity in the developing ovary or testis represent two unsurmountable challenges for delineating the transcription regulation mechanism of germ cells using traditional bulk RNA sequencing. By performing single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), it is now possible to dissect the transcriptome of germ cell development at single-cell resolution, and apply powerful bioinformatics methods to translate raw sequencing data into meaningful information. Here, using the 10× Genomic platform and the most widely cited bioinformatics tools, we describe how to analyze early female germ cell development using scRNA-seq data generated from mouse E11.5 to E14.5 ovaries. This pipeline will provide a guide for exploring the processes of early germ cell development at single-cell resolution.

The Potential Application of Aloe Barbadensis Mill. as Chinese Medicine for Constipation: Mini-Review.

Aloe barbadensis Mill. has a long history of medicinal use in the annals of traditional Chinese medicine, wherein it has garnered considerable renown. Its multifaceted therapeutic properties, characterized by its anti-inflammatory and antibacterial attributes, alongside its established efficacy as a laxative agent, have been extensively documented. This review commences with an exploration of the nomenclature, fundamental characteristics, and principal constituents of Aloe barbadensis Mill. responsible for its laxative effects. Subsequently, we delve into an extensive examination of the molecular mechanisms underlying Aloe barbadensis Mill.'s laxative properties, types of constipation treatments, commercially available preparations, considerations pertaining to toxicity, and its clinical applications. This review aims to serve as a comprehensive reference point for healthcare professionals and researchers, fostering an enhanced understanding of the optimal utilization of Aloe barbadensis Mill. in the treatment of constipation.

Clinical effect of vein of Marshall ethanol infusion on mitral isthmus ablation.

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the effect of Marshall ethanol infusion (VOM-Et) in the vein on mitral isthmus (MI) ablation. Methods: Patients with persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) were grouped into vein of VOM-Et combined with radiofrequency (RF) ablation (VOM-Et-RF) and RF groups. The primary outcome was MI block immediate block rate after surgery. Stratified analysis was also performed for factors affecting the outcome measures. Results: A total of 118 consecutive patients underwent AF ablation at Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province from January 2018 to December 2021. Successful bidirectional perimitral block was achieved in 96% of patients in VOM-Et-RF (69 of 72) and in 76% of patients in the RF group (35 of 46) (P < 0.01). In the subgroup analysis, male sex, elder than 60 years, Left atrial diameter <55 mm, and AF duration <3 years were associated with the benefits of VOM-Et in AF Patients. Conclusion: The vein of Marshall ethanol infusion for catheter ablation can improve the MI block rate. Male sex, elder age, smaller Left atrial diameter and shorter AF duration may have significant benefits for VOM-Et.

RNA-binding proteins signature is a favorable biomarker of prognosis, immunotherapy and chemotherapy response for cervical cancer.

Cervical squamous cell carcinoma and endocervical adenocarcinoma (CESC) still present a huge threaten to women's health, especially the local advanced patients. Hence, developing more effectiveness prognostic signatures is urgently needed. This study constructed and verified a robust RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) related signature through a series of bioinformatics methods and explored the biological function of hub RBP in vitro experiments. As a result, the 10 RBPs signature was successfully established and could act as an independent prognostic biomarker in CESC patients, which displayed the highest sensitivity and specificity in prognosis prediction compared with other clinicopathological parameters. The risk model also presented good performance in risk stratification among CESC patients. Besides, a nomogram was constructed based on pathological stage and the risk signature and exhibited satisfactory accuracy in prognosis prediction. Functional enrichment indicated that the risk signature mainly participated in immune-related pathways and cancer-related pathways, and the infiltration level of immune cells and immune checkpoints showed a significantly higher degree in low-risk patients compared with high-risk patients. Notably, the 10 RBPs signature act as a novel biomarker in immunotherapy and chemotherapy response. In addition, PRPF40B was selected as hub RBP and its transcription and translation levels were obviously increased in CESC tissues, as well as Hela and Siha cells. Knockdown of PRPF40B inhibits the proliferation, migration and invasion of Hela and Siha cells in vitro. In conclusion, our research provides a noticeable strategy in prognostic prediction among CESC patients, which may illuminate the prospect of CESC patients' clinical outcome.